新东方新概念第3册第16-20课完全笔记
Lesson16 Mary had a little lamb
Text
Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece. One of Mary's prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her. She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening. One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him what had happened. Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village. After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri immediately went to Aleko's house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb. He told him he had better return it or he would call the police. Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his backyard. It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black. Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him. While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko's house until the rain stopped. When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
Vocabulary
Prize a.珍贵的,宝贵的
Valuable; Precious ;Cherishable ;Dear
Mary has got a prize lamb.
The cat is prize to the old lady.
valued宝贵的 worthwhile值得的 worthy 配得上的
Tie v.拴,系
Tie sth to
I tied the dog to the tree.
与……有联系
he is tired to his family.
n.领带，关系（强调血缘关系）
theft n.偷盗行为，偷盗案
he reports the theft to the police.
Accuse sb of doing sth
Accuse 比charge 语义弱，accuse 强调“严厉的指责”，charge 强调“控告”
Deny v.否认
Deny doing sth
He denied stealing the lamb.
He denied the truth.
Deny sb nothing 百依百顺
He denies his wife nothing.
Deny oneself 克制自己
On some occasions we must deny ourselves.
Ashamed a.感到羞耻的，惭愧
be ashamed of对。。。感到羞耻
He is ashamed of being a dustman.
Shameful a.可耻的
The theft is shameful.
Shameless 无耻的
The thief is a shameless person.
Apologize v.道歉
Apologize to sb( for sth)
n.apology
dye v.染
dye the cloth black.
Notes on the text
1 in the tiny village of ...在一个名叫。。。的小山村
in the big city of Beijing
in the beautiful city of Paris
2 possession所有物
What I possess is valuable.
= My possession are valuable.
belonging(s)随身携带物
3 keep
keep后的复合宾语（宾语补足语）可以是形容词，介词，和分词。
She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening.
和过去分词搭配做宾补，过去分词和宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系
如果宾补和宾语是主谓关系，那么要用现在分词
I kept the boy standing outside.
4 It is obvious that ...
5 set out to do sth.
6 prove是系动词
He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village.
7 tell sb about sth
= report sth. to sb.
8 or .../ or else...
He can't be ill or he couldn't have come.
Your room is so dirty, clear it promptly, or else ...
9 It is true that ...
It is true that the work is hard, but we will finish it ahead.
10 Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
现在分词结构（形容词结构）作状语，在这里相当于原因状语，放在主句前后均可
Angry at everybody here, he left suddenly.
Anxious for a quick decision, he called his friends.
Nervous, the man opened the letter.
Special difficulties
1 keep的复合结构
2 had better do sth. had better not do sth.
Lesson 17 The longest suspension
Text
Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme. He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.' Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was named after him.
The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island. It has a span of 4,260 feet. The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. Two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on immense underwater platforms make of steel and concrete. The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea. These alone took sixteen months to build. Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire. It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity. However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge. Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.
Vocabulary
Suspension n.悬，吊
Suspension bridge
Suspend vt.悬挂；
The light is suspended from the ceiling.
the train was suspended because of the heavy rain.
Suspense n.担心，挂念，悬念
The wonderful film give me a deep impression because of its suspense.
He didn’t tell us the truth and kept me in suspense all day.
Suspenders n. 吊袜带
Suspended推迟的，延期的
Agreeable a.宜人的
Today is agreeable.
Agreeable situation
His house is in the agreeable situation.
Situation n.地点，地方=location
Situate =locate
Be situated =be located
Beijing is located in the north of china.
Is located to
Japan is located to the east of china.
Estimate
Underestimate
Overestimate
Don't underestimate nor overestimate.
At a rough estimate ,the car is worth 500thousand RMB.
Estimation n.判断
In my estimation 在我看来
Capacity n.承受量, 做某事的能力
Are you clear about the capacity of the cinema?
Have a capacity for doing something
Have a capacity to do
Ability
Have ability to do sth拥有做某事的能力而且完全做到了
We have ability to finish the work in two days.
Capability内在的潜能
Have capability of doing/to do
Every child has capability of learning a foreign language well .
Faculty 侧重于主观的能力
the faculty of singing
Competence 胜任工作的能力、资格
I have competence for the job.
Elegant a.优雅的，还表示人的举止很得体、大方
The suspension bridge is elegant.
The lady is elegant.
Graceful 强调一个人的体型
Delicate a.精致的
Notes on the text
Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme.
sailed into ...---句子的主干
about whom --- Italian
He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.'
describe sth. as ...
同类的动词还有see, view, look upon, recognize, regard, treat, accept.
I should describe the attempt as a failure.
His mother regards him as a genius.
I accept his words as true.
located过去分词做定语修饰限制 situation
I like the village located within two small hills.
in the midst of which---which指代two small hills
in the midst of / in the middle of
The car is going in the middle of the street.
in the middle of night
though , although, even though
用了though, although不能用but
强调转折关系可以用yet
by no means: not by any means, not at all
It is by no means pleasant to take a crowded bus.
He isn't satisfied with a job by any means.
He isn't satisfied with a job at all.
表达一点也不的还有
in no way in no case in no sense in no circumstances under no circumstances at no time on no account
be named after sb.
= be named for sb.
= take one's name from
a span of 跨度，桥长
take into account
= take into consideration
= take account of
We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting.
support: hold up
extend: reach, stretch, continue
a railway extend to the next city
rise to ( the hight of ...)上升到
They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.
which指代the cables
本课重点
It has been estimated that ...
It is said ...
It is reported ...
It has been expected ...
if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity.
packed with ...: filled with ...
Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.
immensity --- size
fulfilling分词做状语表示结果
The bus was held up by the snow storm, causing the delay.
Her husband died in 1970, leaving her and her two children.
At last, he passed his examination, fulfilling his dream to go aboard.
Special Difficulties
He is by no means considered to be a great explorer.
Instead of saying: I find that he is quite unsuitable for the job.
We can say: I find him to be quite unsuitable for the job.
同类的动词有believe, consider, find, declare, feel, know, suppose, think, presume, estimate, understand.
I consider that he is the best candidate.
---> I consider him to be the best candidate.
Exercise
1 Verrazano is an Italian.We know little about him.
2 They don't consider that Varrazano is a great explore.
3 They take his name from the greatest bridge in the world.
4 He had to take the shape of the earth into consideration.
5 They have estimated the bridge to be packed with cars ...
1 I believed him to own property abroad.
2 The Minister declared the treaty to be invalid.
3 I know him to be a person of high intefrity.
4 I guess him to be about twenty-seven years old.
5 We estimated this picture to be worth at least 500 pounds.
link with把。。。与。。。连起来
= join into
attach to把。。。牢牢系上
relate to (with)在。。。之间建立联系
take 承纳，装载
sustain支撑，承受
endure经受，承受痛苦
receive收到
Lesson 18 Electric Currents in modern art
Text
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them. Some so-called 'modern' pieces have been on display for nearly eighty years.
In spite of this, some people -- including myself -- were surprise by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: 'Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!' The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended form the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody. These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
Vocabulary
Current n.the flow of electricity 电流continuous movement of water 水流
a. 目前的，现在的
current affairs时事
currency n.流通（货币）
currently adv.普遍地，通常地，现在，当前
sculptural a.雕刻的，雕刻般的
sculptor n.雕塑家
mistaken a.incorrect ,wrong,misunderstood
The teacher has mistaken opinion of his pupil.He doesn’t use simple plain language and hs is often mistaken.
Make a mistake /by mistake 弄错了
He took my umbrella by mistake.
And no mistake 确实如此、
He is honest and no mistake.
Vt.mistake sb for 把某人误认为
Yesterday, I mistook him for my classmate.
Exhibit n.展品，陈列品show in public
Exhibition 展览会
We went to an exhibition to visit exhibit.
Oddly a.古怪地
Odd a.古怪的,引少见而感到奇怪
Strange 因陌生而奇怪
Queer a.奇特的（因不同而奇怪）
Look, he is wearing a queer hat.
Fantastic a.奇妙的
Eccentric 怪癖的
He is an eccentric person.
Attach v.系，拴，粘上，贴上
He attach the lamb to a tree.
Attach to sb for sth 因为某事而把……加在某人身上
We didn’t attach blame to him for his failure.
Attach importance to sth 对某事非常重视
We attach importance to education.
Be attached to sth 喜欢，喜爱
I am very attached to her .
Attachment n. 固定，爱慕，友情，附着
Magnetize vt. 使有磁性，吸引
The iron was magnetized .
His speech magnetized the listeners.
Repel vt.to drive back 排斥
Cause feelings of dislike使反感，厌恶
The different sexes attract each other and the same sexes repel on the contrary.
Let me go at once ,you repel me.你让我恶心
Emit v.give off 放射
Emit sound/emit smell/emit light
Flicker v.闪烁
Flash v.闪光shine for a moment 只闪一次
Peculiar a.奇异的strange and unusual
The food has peculiar taste.
I am feeling rather peculiar.
Shock v.令人震惊，刺激人
Get shocked 受震动
At the news ,he got shocked
n.震惊
get a big shock
emotionally adv.感情上
emotional a.易激动的，情绪的，感情脆弱的
I think you agree with me, women are often said to be more emotional than men.
反义词：unemotional
emotion n.感情，如love,hatred,and grief are emotions.
Feeling n.某时的内心感受
I cant describe my feeling now.
Emotive a.引起情绪反应的
The word home is more emotive than house.
Notes on the text
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more.
rarely: seldom, scarcely
We are not surprised at modern sculpture ....
The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken.
that引导同位语从句，修饰限定the idea 的内容
The idea that one can only learn English well in English-speaking countries is mistaken.
Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places.
who take no interest in art 修饰说明people
take interest in
take delight in
take pride in
show interest in
cannot ; failed to 双重否定意味着肯定，加强语气
He must have passed his examination last week.
-->He cannot have failed to pass his examination last week.
You must keep your promise.
---> You cannot fail to keep your promise.
on display / on show
Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places....
---> We can see sculptures everywhere.
Some so-called 'modern' pieces have been on display for nearly eighty years.
夸张的手法
in spite of this 尽管如此
some people --- including myself ---作者表明了自己的观点
重点句型
The first thing...was a notice which said ...
定语从句省略that
Oddly shaped forms that are suspended form the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody.
that 引导的定语从句用来限定shaped forms
are familiar to...做谓语
主句是Oddly shaped forms are familiar to everybody.
that 引导的定语从句中in response to = in reaction to
be familiar to sb. 对某人来讲很熟悉
The house is familiar to him.
I don't really remember where I have seen him before, but he looks very familiar to me.
familiar with熟知 + sth.
Are you familiar with the play of Shakespeare?
I am familiar with that book too.
Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres.
lined up 过去分词做状语,与 long thin wires为被动关系
定语从句there were long thin wires that were attached to metal spheres
coloured lights彩灯
continuously不停止地
The light flickered continuously.
on and off 不停地
It has been raining on and off since noon.
go mad / run mad
He must have gone mad to do such a thing.
It was rather like ...
= It was more like ...
not only ... but. ... as well.
seem是系动词 + 名词 / 形容词/ 分词
Lesson19 A very dear cat
Text
Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay's cat. Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy old lady, has shared a flat with her cat, Rastus, for a great many years. Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o'clock. One evening, however, he failed to arrive. Mrs. Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.
Three days after Rastus' disappearance, Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter. The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs. Ramsay paid a ransom of (dollar)1,000. Mrs. Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside her door. At first she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again -- the letter had made that quite clear -- she changed her mind. She withdrew (dollar)1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper's instructions. The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs. Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would keep his word. Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening. He looked very well though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk. The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done. She explained that Rastus was very dear to her. Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
Vocabulary
dear adj.
I can't afford the car because it's too dear.
The cat is too dear to me.
The lamb is dear to Mary.
cost somebody dear花了某人很多钱
kidnapper
kidnap
They kidnapped 4 hostages.
Considerable a.相当大的
He has got a considerable success.
considerably: much,great, a great deal
considerate体贴的
Are you considerate to your wife?
considered考虑到的
all things considered就各方面而言
Considering考虑到... prep.
Considering his age ,the little boy reads very well.
Considering (that )
也可作副词
He studies English well,considering(all things is considered).就各方面而言，他英语学得相当好。
Ransom n.赎金
Pay ransom to somebody
The old lady paid a ransom of one thousand pounds to the kidnapper.
Hold sb to ransom
They kidnapped the boy and held him to ransom.
Punctually adv.准时地(不早也不晚)
Punctual a.
Punctuality n.
Astound v.使吃惊，语意程度比surpise要强得多
Astonish 强于surprise
Amaze
astound
he was astounded to hear of her death.
They were amazed to find the lazy girl came very early.
Surprising
surprised
Notes on the text
take interest in
take great interest in
share sth. with sb.
I share the room with my friends.
ordinary life: discipline life有规律的生活
区别于regular有规则的
after和名词搭配
three days after ~ arrived
state: say formally
in safe hands
instruct: order ; tell formally
be instruct to do sth.
make it clear to sb. that
The teacher has made it clear to us that we must read English aloud every day.
keep his word: keep his promise
word表示诺言，用单数
keep his word
break his word
give sb. one's word
as good as one's word
go back on one's word
sure enough果然，侧重强调确实如此
I said it would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
in more ways than one在许多方面来讲
dear双重意义：心疼；昂贵
Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots
Text
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of (dollar)1,000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in his plane the 'Antoinette IV.' He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on sea. The 'Antoinette' floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
Two days alter, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called 'No. XI'. Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles. Latham, however, did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new 'Antoinette'. It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough, After making a short test flight at 4,15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.
Vocabulary
pioneer n.先驱
young pioneer
同义词：advocate
vt.开创，倡导
pioneer adult education
lord n.对（英国贵族）的尊称，勋爵
lordless 无君主的
lordship 君权
lordly 傲慢地
duke 公爵
marquis 侯爵
earl 伯爵
viscount 子爵
baron 男爵
overland a.陆上的＝by land
overnight 一夜之间的
overpopulated 人口众多的
overseas海外的
over+动词,表示超过
overeat
oversleep
overwork工作过量
overcharge索要价钱过高
overestimate
Notes on the text
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of (dollar)1,000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.
who引导定语从句修饰the first man
还可以说the first man to fly across the English Channel.
序数词和动词不定式搭配连用，可以代替其后的定语从句
She was he only one to survive in the plane crash.
Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
before引导的时间状语从句前没有出现段时间，则最佳译法为：才......
attempt 尝试
in one's attempt
She failed in her attempt to swim the Channel.
make an attempt on
He made an attempt on the mountain.
make attempt to do
He made attempt to run away.
make no attempt to do
fail原意为“失败，忽视”
She failed to win the prize.
When I saw him, my words failed me.当我见到他时，说不出来话了。
be forced to do
pick up
with a plane 驾驶着一架飞机
with 具有，带有
had been making planes
A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles.
during which---during flight
It looked as if : It seemed that似乎，看起来
make a short test flight
make another attempt
本课重点
介词和关系代词连用
当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时，能把可移位的介词提前放在关系代词的前面--正式
在非正式问题和口语当中，介词一般要放在从句的末尾。
This is the person about whom I was telling you.
Is this the book for which you asked me?
决定介词位置的4个因素
1 如果是口语，介词位于句尾，同时关系代词可以省略
2 非正式问题，介词位于从句句尾
3 有些动词加介词构成介词词组，被看作是不可分隔的语言单位，这时介词必须紧跟动词不可移位，如：take after account for hold on
4 在很多情况下，介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语，在句中起状语的作用，与从句的谓语动词毫无关系，而不是谓语动词的一部分，这时介词始终位于谓语动词之前
He described it as a very agreeable situation located within two small hills.
In the midst of two small hills, flowed a great river.
--->He described it as a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midist of which flowed a great river.
参考译文
1908年，诺斯克利夫勋爵拿出1,000英镑，作为对第一个飞越英吉利海峡的人的奖励。然而一年多过去了才有人出来尝试。1909年7月19日凌晨，休伯特.莱瑟姆驾驶“安特瓦特4号”飞机从法国海岸起飞，但他只在海峡上空飞行7英里，引擎就发生了故障，他只好降落在海面上。“安特瓦特”号飞机在海上漂浮，后来有船经过，莱瑟姆方才获救。
两天之后，路易斯.布莱里奥驾驶一名为“11号”的飞机来到加来附近。布莱里奥从1905年起便开始研制飞机，“11号”飞机是他制作的最新型号。一周以前，他曾成功地进行了一次26英里的陆上飞行。但是莱瑟姆不肯轻易罢休。同一天，他驾驶一架新的“安特瓦特”号飞机来到了加来附近。看来会有一场激烈的飞越英吉利海峡的竞争。两天飞机都打算在7月25日起飞，但莱瑟姆那天起床晚了。布莱里奥凌晨4点15分作了一次短距离试飞，半小时后便正式出发了。他这次伟大的飞行持续37分钟。当他在多佛着陆后，第一个迎接他的是当地一名警察。莱瑟姆一周以后也作了一次尝试，飞到离多佛不到半英里的地方。这次他又遭厄运，因引擎故障第二次降落在海面上。
（此文章来源：新东方在线）